Review Article

Volume: 1 | Issue: 2 | Published: Nov 30, 2018 | Pages: 66 - 76 | DOI: 10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

Frontonasal dysplasia: a review


Authors: Muhammad Umair orcid logo , Farooq Ahmad , Muhammad Bilal , Muhammad Arshad


Article Info

Authors

Muhammad Umair

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

orcid logo ORCID

Farooq Ahmad

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Muhammad Bilal

Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Muhammad Arshad

Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan

Publication History

Received: March 23, 2018

Accepted: May 12, 2018

Published: November 30, 2018


Abstract


Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a rare complex genetic facial malformation, mostly characterized by affecting the face and head regions of the body. Craniofacial defects can have a severe impact, revealing different types of clinical phenotypes, which are broadly grouped as frontonasal dysplasias (FNDs). FNDs have been classified along with selected disorders on the genetic and molecular basis. FND is clinically diagnosed on the basis of at least two features including median facial cleft, broad nasal bridge, ocular hypertelorism, widened philtrum, median cleft upper lip, widow's peak frontal hairline and missing or underdeveloped nasal tip. The three types of FNDs are caused by the ALX genes (ALX1, ALX3, ALX4). Genes and pathways related to facial development are associated with direct or indirect expression of the FGF8, the SHH, and the BMP4. The present review provides a detail literature review on the FND phenotypes and mutation update of different genes involved that will help in proper classification, genetic counseling, and diagnosis of the affected families.

Keywords: Frontonasal dysplasia, FND, ALX1, ALX3, ALX4


Pubmed Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad. Frontonasal dysplasia: a review. JBC Genetics. 2018; 30 (November 2018): 66-76. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

Web Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad. Frontonasal dysplasia: a review. https://jbcgenetics.com/articles/2114 [Access: June 02, 2025]. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad. Frontonasal dysplasia: a review. JBC Genetics. 2018; 30 (November 2018): 66-76. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad. Frontonasal dysplasia: a review. JBC Genetics. (2018), [cited June 02, 2025]; 30 (November 2018): 66-76. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

Harvard Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad (2018) Frontonasal dysplasia: a review. JBC Genetics, 30 (November 2018): 66-76. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

Chicago Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad. "Frontonasal dysplasia: a review." 30 (2018), 66-76. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad. "Frontonasal dysplasia: a review." 30.November 2018 (2018), 66-76. Print. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389

APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Muhammad Umair, Farooq Ahmad, Muhammad Bilal, Muhammad Arshad (2018) Frontonasal dysplasia: a review. , 30 (November 2018), 66-76. doi:10.24911/JBCGenetics/183-1530765389